Over 2000 papers have been published in the experimental stopping of ions in solids. Experimental measurements of stopping powers is a difficult task, and there is wide variation in the results.. Plots will show how existing stopping calculations compare to experimental data from these papers. Since the stopping calculations are based in great part on theory, the interpolation of stopping powers between various ions and targets is often more accurate than individual measurements, especially for difficult targets.

Download Trim For Mac High Sierra

Technology

Soft Error Rates

Science of

Terrestrial Cosmic Rays

Introduction

History

Current Status (1MB)

Neutron Sea Level Flux

History of

Accelerated Testing

Neutron Spectrometers

Current Status

Accelerated Testing

Above links inGreen are not yet active.

Mac

Although this subject is more about the effects of energetic hadrons on terrestrial electronics than about ion beams, it is scientifically in a similar field (hadrons = protons, neutrons and pions, i.e. particles which respond to the nuclear force / strong interaction). The science and technology about cosmic ray induced soft fails was considered proprietary by IBM for more than 15 years. In 1996, a complete issue of the IBM Journal of Research and Development was devoted to reviewing this work. A summary of the issue, and the complete first article (the 15 year history of the development of the IBM scientific understanding of soft fails from radiation) is given at IBM J. R.& D.

The scientific history of this field is reviewed in detail. The field is not static because the technology of integrated circuits is still rapidly changing and the effects of cosmic rays on integrated circuits (ICs) show trends which are not well understood. The trends in the sensitivity of ICs to cosmic rays are reviewed for SRAMs, DRAMs and logic over the last 15 years.

Fundamental to any estimates of the fail rate of ICs is an understanding of the ambient flux of cosmic rays in the environment. As this flux has been investigated over the last 15 years, it has become fuzzier rather than more precise. Previous measurements of the ambient flux which were considered reliable have been shown to be suspect. New measurements rarely agree with past measurements. Recent reports of the flux of sea level cosmic ray hadrons vary by more than 10x, even though they were performed by highly competent scientists. The problem will probably be resolved by understanding that the immediate materials nearby an experiment can have significant effect on the measured flux. The field of the terrestrial flux of cosmic rays will be reviewed.

Mac Os Ssd Trim

About the author:

Video Trim Download

e-mail :